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-
- PLANS AND TIMETABLES:
-
- Constructing a flexible timetable which would not tie you to a rigid routine,
- will save you time and effort, and enable you to keep pace with the
- requirements of your study. The thought and planning involved in constructing
- a good workable timetable are repaid many times over. Here are the main steps:
-
- (1) Detailed examination of all your waking activities. Analysis of your daily
- routine, to ensure that the necessary `maintenance' activities such as
- meals, travel, shopping, etc., do not take up too much of your time.
-
- (2) Planning as far ahead as possible, so that you have a general picture of
- what lies before you. Regular work over the entire academic year is
- advisable.
-
- (3) Decide as to the total amount of weekly study time you need to perform.
- Your total hours of work, including classes, should be around 40, and
- should almost certainly not lie outside the range of 30-50 hours.
-
- (4) Decide on when to carry out your own private study. Conform if you can to
- the common pattern of working hours: do your important work in the
- mornings, study for four evenings each week and leave the weekends
- relatively free. But don't think that there are certain hours of the day
- when you can't work. Fatigue is mostly subjective and diurnal variations
- in efficiency are small.
-
- (5) At the beginning of each week, plan your study times for the whole week.
- Flexibility enters here. Observe these principles:
- (a) Do each piece of work at the best time. Go over your lecture notes on
- the same day. Write up experiments when they are still fresh in your mind.
- (b) Try and discover the best length of study period for your various
- tasks. A sizable task is often best tackled in a single 2- or 3-hour
- session.
- (c) Plan for rest periods between tasks, and shorter rest intervals in the
- course of a task. Concentrated study of single topics is occasionally
- useful. At least some small part of vacations should be spent in revision.
-
-
- MOTIVES AND HABITS:
-
- Merely resolving to work harder is ineffective. But you can enhance your
- motivation by setting yourself short-term and longterm goals, by controlling
- sources of distraction, by charting your progress, and by immersing yourself
- in your studies.
-
- Rapid work is one cure for difficulty in concentrating. Another aid is the
- technique of suppression. Since unwillingness to settle down to study is
- often the result of a wish to be doing something else, you need to suppress
- the impulse to other activities. This best is achieved by allocating a
- sensible amount of time to other intruding tasks and activities, and having
- made a plan, dismissing them from consciousness.
-
- Effort and aspiration are influenced by your past history of successes and
- failures. Some kind of reward or success is the best spur to effort. But your
- goals and aspirations should be realistic and attainable.
-
- If you decide to change habits of long standing, you should declare your
- intentions to others, allow no backsliding, achieve some success at the
- outset, and strengthen your resolve by incurring obligations to others.
-
-
- LEARNING AND REMEMBERING:
-
- You should thoroughly understand what you are studying. To attain insight
- you must think and reflect, and relate new information to your existing
- knowledge. Information should be `encoded' and memorised in a form that
- facilitates it's subsequent retrieval and use.
-
- The SQ3R system of study is recommended:
- (1) Survey
- (2) Questions (asking)
- (3) Reading
- (4) Recitation
- (5) Review
-
- Important knowledge needs to be kept up to functional levels by constant
- revision and use. For this purpose meaningful learning is much more effective
- than rote learning. Long term retention is helped by organising materials and
- linking them together.
-
- Although general retentiveness cannot be improved, you can improve your
- methods of memorising, especially by recitation, attention to meaning, and
- alertness and concentration. Artificial memory `systems' are seldom useful.
-
- `Overlearning' and avoiding interference are more assistance in rote than
- the meaningful learning.
-
- Complex subjects are best learned by (1) dividing them into parts;
- (2) organising each part into a coherent unit; and
- (3) linking to existing knowledge.
-
- In the threefold process of learning, storage and retrieval, errors can
- occur at any of the three stages. Make sure that your initial intake of
- information is precise and accurate, otherwise you might perpetrate errors as
- you learn and relearn your notes.
-
- There is an emotional component in learning and remembering. Try not to
- neglect those aspects of your subjects which you dislike, and if necessary,
- develop tolerance for your teachers.
-
-
- READING:
-
- Reading is the most important skill in study. Good readers learn to vary
- their rate of reading to suit their purposes.
-
- Reading involves making complicated patterns of eye movements, as well as
- understanding what you've read. You should observe the eye movements made in
- reading - the jumps, fixations, regressions and sweeps.
-
- Difficulties in reading may be the result of faulty eye movements, or of
- poor vocabulary or lack of understanding, but difficulties in learning and
- retention mostly result from lack of understanding, that is from an
- inadequate background of knowledge.
-
- But if you think your reading of prose materials is slow you can speed up
- your rate by regular periods of timed practice, charting your progress on a
- graph. This method is just as good as mechanical methods of speeding up
- reading.
-
- Improvement can be effected by improving your vocabulary. This is best done
- by more reading and writing, but it may also help to systematise your
- knowledge of Greek and Latin words, from which many learned words are derived.
- And use a good dictionary.
-
- Learn and read intelligently and critically. Make sure of the general plan of
- what you are reading, and distinguish the main ideas from the details.
-
- Make sure you are thoroughly familiar with your library - particularly the
- card index and reference system. Don't rely on the library for basic texts.
- It is absolute folly not to own the necessary books for your courses.
-
-
- NOTES AND LECTURES:
-
- It is essential to take notes. You should think carefully about the kinds of
- notebooks and filing systems available. Some kind of looseleaf system is best,
- together with appropriate files, wallets and binders.
-
-
- In lectures make sure you sit where you can see and hear the lecturer
- without difficulty. Fairly full outline notes are usually desirable,
- particularly in factual lectures. Outline notes are more readily organised
- and memorised than pages of unbroken script.
-
- You should revise and fill in your notes on the same day. A scheme for
- assessing and improving your notes is described which involves the
- collaboration of two or three other students.
-
-
-
- EXAMS:
-
- Preparations for examinations should begin at the outset of a course of
- study, in the sense that you should study the syllabus you are required to
- cover and the kinds of examinations which you will have to take.
-
- Progressive assessment is now widely used to monitor course performance.
- Therefore final examinations are less of an ordeal. Little effort is required
- to relearn for an important examination what has already been gone over a
- number times. To be most effective, review should follow closely on the
- original learning. For long term retention intermediate periods of review are
- also desirable.
-
- The final review preceding important examinations should be carefully planned
- to a schedule, to avoid any last minute rush. Examination anxiety can be
- avoided by regular work, careful planning, and a normal routine which allows
- for exercise and recreation.
-
- Different kinds of examinations require different kinds of preparation.
- Suggestions are offered for taking objective tests and for taking essay-type
- examinations.
-
-
-
- THINKING:
-
- In early life thought tends to be by what is immediately present to senses.
- Later it becomes increasingly abstract and symbolic. There is a corresponding
- decrease in the motor activity accompanying thought.
-
- For any sort of productive thinking a cognitive map or model is required, as
- well as observation, inference and the testing of deductions. The most
- effective thought is often not contemplative, but accompanies activity and
- experiment.
-
- Concepts involve (1) an act of classification as to observed properties; and
- (2) a set of associations as to unobserved properties. Experience of an array
- of instances is necessary if meaningful concepts are to be attained, together
- with explicit statements of principle.
-
- Errors are often made in the act of classification, but even more markedly
- in making the unwarranted associations which occur in `stereotypes'.
-
- Everyday thinking is contaminated by emotion, by the selection of evidence
- to fit preconceived ideas, and by overgeneralisation from small samples and
- limited evidence.
-
- Standard algorithms simplify the solution of common problems in most
- disciplines.
-
- From experiments on problem solving it appears that the following steps are
- involved: initial exploration, successive reformulation of the problem, seeing
- the components in the solution in their proper relation, precise formulation
- of solution in symbols.
-
- Logic helps in the definition of problems, in the sifting of evidence, and
- the drawing of inferences and conclusions.
-
- From the practical point of view five general suggestions are made about how
- to improve problem solving.
-
-
- GROUP DISCUSSIONS AND GROUP WORK:
-
- Group work is desirable in higher learning because it stimulates interest,
- helps to clarify ideas, and teaches individuals to cooperate.
-
- Work output is influenced by the presence of others. Group work has a strong
- `pacing' effect on slower workers. If you mean to work hard, you should
- associate with others who also work hard.
-
- The various forms of group work lend to more active participation in study.
- Active participation not only generates interest, but leads to better long
- term retention.
-
- Several kinds on discussion groups are described and analysed, and practical
- rules for the conduct of informal discussion groups are suggested.
-
- In problem solving, groups are more accurate than individuals because they
- make more suggestions, and are quicker to reject incorrect ideas. It is
- salutary for the individual to realise the diversity of others' judgments.
-
- Benefits of peer teaching are: self esteem, thorough learning of subject
- & enjoyment.
-
-